0:03 [SPEAKER_00]: November 1855, a provincial Inn in the English Midlands. 0:11 [SPEAKER_00]: The fire has burned low. 0:13 [SPEAKER_00]: Gaslight flickers against walls stained yellow from years of tobacco smoke. 0:19 [SPEAKER_00]: In room 10 of the Talbot arms, a man lies dying. 0:26 [SPEAKER_00]: John Parsons' cook is 28 years old. 0:30 [SPEAKER_00]: Three days ago, he stood in a paddock at Shoesbury, watching his horse cross the finish line first. 0:39 [SPEAKER_00]: He had 3,000 pounds in winnings, champagne in his glass, a future stretching out before him, 0:49 [SPEAKER_00]: Now his back arches off the mattress, his jaw locks, every muscle and his body seizes at once. 0:59 [SPEAKER_00]: The screen that tears from his throat wakes every guest in the building, and standing beside the bed, calm, attentive, taking his pulse, his friend, his physician, the man who has 1:17 [SPEAKER_00]: Dr. William Palmer does not call for help. 1:22 [SPEAKER_00]: He does not rush for remedies. 1:24 [SPEAKER_00]: He simply waits. 1:28 [SPEAKER_00]: It must have been a long wait. 1:30 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer was patient. 1:33 [SPEAKER_00]: He had killed before. 1:44 [SPEAKER_00]: a Victorian surgeon who turned his medical knowledge into a weapon. 1:49 [SPEAKER_00]: Some historians estimate William Palmer murdered 14 people. 1:55 [SPEAKER_00]: Others believe the true number was higher still. 1:59 [SPEAKER_00]: We know this with certainty John Parsons' cook was his final victim and cook didn't die quietly. 2:09 [SPEAKER_00]: Over three episodes will trace the path from Palmer's first suspicious death to his last breath on the gallows. 2:18 [SPEAKER_00]: We'll watch a friendship become a trap. 2:21 [SPEAKER_00]: We'll see Victorian science itself put on trial. 2:26 [SPEAKER_00]: Today we meet our victim and watch him win the bet that sealed his fate. 2:34 [SPEAKER_01]: to understand how John Parsons' cook died, we first need to understand how he lived, and a story begins with money he never had to earn. 2:44 [SPEAKER_01]: Cook's father died when John was young, leaving an inheritance of approximately 12,000 pounds in 1855. 2:51 [SPEAKER_01]: That's some represented genuine wealth. 2:55 [SPEAKER_01]: Enough to purchase as substantial country house, maintain servants, and 3:03 [SPEAKER_01]: It was perhaps too much for young man who had never learned discipline. 3:09 [SPEAKER_01]: Cook trained for the law. 3:11 [SPEAKER_01]: He attended lectures at one of the ends of court. 3:14 [SPEAKER_01]: He read case files. 3:16 [SPEAKER_01]: He observed proceedings. 3:18 [SPEAKER_01]: But he never practiced. 3:19 [SPEAKER_01]: He never took a client. 3:22 [SPEAKER_01]: Why suffered through the tedium of briefs and depositions when the money was already in his pocket? 3:28 [SPEAKER_01]: Instead, John Parsons' cook, chose the racing circuit. 3:33 [SPEAKER_01]: The choice revealed something essential about cook's character. 3:36 [SPEAKER_01]: In Victorian England, horse racing occupied peculiar social territory. 3:41 [SPEAKER_01]: The aristocracy bred the finest horses and placed the largest wages, but the tracks themselves drew every class together. 3:50 [SPEAKER_01]: Gentlemen rub shoulders with bookmakers. 3:53 [SPEAKER_01]: Ladies watched from carriages, while pickpockets worked the crowd. 3:57 [SPEAKER_01]: The thundering hooves and the moment when everything hung in the balance united them all. 4:02 [SPEAKER_01]: But Kirk, racing became his entire existence. 4:06 [SPEAKER_01]: He purchased horses of his own, not one or two, but enough to constitute a genuine stable. 4:11 [SPEAKER_01]: He traveled the circuit religiously. 4:15 [SPEAKER_01]: Shrewsbury, Wolverhampton, Chester, Donkaster, New Market. 4:20 [SPEAKER_01]: He knew the form of every horse. 4:22 [SPEAKER_01]: He understood the ground conditions. 4:24 [SPEAKER_01]: He studied bloodlines the way other men studied scripture. 4:28 [SPEAKER_01]: The trial records from the Old Bayley still preserved and now digitised for anyone curious enough to search. 4:35 [SPEAKER_01]: Describe Kirk as having a delicate constitution. 4:38 [SPEAKER_01]: He was frequently unwell, stomach troubles plagued him, assistant weakness at the physicians of his era couldn't quite explain. 4:47 [SPEAKER_01]: This chronic sickness shaped Cook's life in ways he couldn't have anticipated. 4:52 [SPEAKER_01]: It made him dependent on doctors, made him trust them implicitly, made him grateful for medical attention wherever he could find it. 5:01 [SPEAKER_01]: It would prove a fatal dependency. 5:05 [SPEAKER_00]: Among Cook's racing companions was a man who shared his passion for the track, a fellow gambler who happened to be a physician, a man who could tend to cook's chronic ailments between races, who could prescribe remedies and offer medical advice, his name was William Palmer. 5:27 [SPEAKER_00]: What made Palmer dangerous was his respectability. 5:31 [SPEAKER_00]: He was born in 1824 in the Staffordshire Market Town of Rughaly. 5:37 [SPEAKER_00]: A place of perhaps 6,000 souls with a market square, a parish church, and the kind of tight-knit community where everyone knows everyone's business. 5:49 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer's father died when William was 12, leaving a comfortable fortune. 5:55 [SPEAKER_00]: The same pattern as Cuck, money handed down, rather than earned. 6:01 [SPEAKER_00]: But where Cuck drifted toward pleasure, Palmer pursued profession. 6:07 [SPEAKER_00]: He trained at St. Bartholomew's hospital in London, one of the great teaching hospitals of the era. 6:15 [SPEAKER_00]: Barts, as students called it, have produced surgeons since the 12th century. 6:21 [SPEAKER_00]: It's anatomy theaters were legendary. 6:24 [SPEAKER_00]: It's faculty included some of the finest medical minds in England. 6:29 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer learned his trade there. 6:32 [SPEAKER_00]: He learned to set bones and dress wounds. 6:35 [SPEAKER_00]: He learned to recognize symptoms and prescribe treatments. 6:40 [SPEAKER_00]: He also learned about poisons. 6:43 [SPEAKER_00]: Every medical student of that era studied toxicology. 6:48 [SPEAKER_00]: They needed to recognize poisoning symptoms in their patients. 6:53 [SPEAKER_00]: They needed to understand antidotes. 6:56 [SPEAKER_00]: The curriculum covered arsenic, antimony, rustic acid, the entire pharmacopeia of death. 7:05 [SPEAKER_00]: Alma qualified as a surgeon in 1846, and returned to rugally to establish his practice. 7:13 [SPEAKER_00]: On the surface, everything looked respectable. 7:17 [SPEAKER_00]: A country surgeon, 7:21 [SPEAKER_00]: In 1847 he married Anne Thornton, the illegitimate daughter of an Indian Army Colonel, a woman who brought money to the marriage and respectability to his household. 7:34 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer's reputation seemed secure, but beneath the professional surface, something was consuming William Palmer, something the neighbors couldn't see, something that would turn a country doctor into one of the most notorious killers in English history, the races. 7:55 [SPEAKER_01]: What began as occasional wages became obsession. 7:59 [SPEAKER_01]: Palmer bet heavily and lost more heavily. 8:02 [SPEAKER_01]: Mathematics of gambling addiction and merciless. 8:05 [SPEAKER_01]: Each loss demands another bet to recover, and each recovery attempt fails more catastrophically than the last. 8:11 [SPEAKER_01]: By the early 1850s, Palmer owed money to multiple lenders. 8:17 [SPEAKER_01]: The debts mounted faster than his medical practice could ever hope to recover. 8:21 [SPEAKER_01]: A country surgeon's income, perhaps two or three hundred pounds annually, couldn't touch obligations that had grown into the thousands. 8:28 [SPEAKER_01]: Palmer agreed Esprit, he forged his mother's signature on documents to secure loans. 8:34 [SPEAKER_01]: He borrowed against property he didn't own. 8:36 [SPEAKER_01]: He made promises he couldn't keep to men who would eventually demand payment. 8:41 [SPEAKER_01]: Each game bought time, but time was running out. 8:45 [SPEAKER_01]: And then people around Palmer started dying. 8:49 [SPEAKER_01]: Palmer's mother-in-law, Mary Thornton, visited his rosely in January 1849. 8:55 [SPEAKER_01]: She stayed in Palmer's home as an honoured guest. 8:58 [SPEAKER_01]: Within two weeks she fell violently ill. 9:01 [SPEAKER_01]: The symptoms were sudden, the death was quick. 9:04 [SPEAKER_01]: Palmer inherited money from her estate, no one investigated. 9:09 [SPEAKER_01]: His wife, Anne Palmer, fell ill in September 1854. 9:14 [SPEAKER_01]: Sudden symptoms, convulsions, rapid deterioration. 9:18 [SPEAKER_01]: The death certificate said cholera. 9:20 [SPEAKER_01]: A cholera pandemic was sweeping Britain that year, killing 23,000 people across the country. 9:26 [SPEAKER_01]: No one questioned another death among so many. 9:29 [SPEAKER_01]: But Palmer had recently taken out life insurance on Ann worth 13,000 pounds. 9:35 [SPEAKER_01]: The premium alone had cost £760 and enormous sum, the raised eyebrows even at the insurance company. 9:43 [SPEAKER_01]: The policy was so large that three separate insurers had agreed to split the risk among them. 9:50 [SPEAKER_01]: And died on September the 29th, 1854. 9:54 [SPEAKER_01]: She was 27 years old. 9:56 [SPEAKER_01]: She left behind a husband who had ensured her life for a fortune. 10:00 [SPEAKER_01]: The insurance paid. 10:02 [SPEAKER_01]: At least four of Palmer's infant children died in convulsions during their first year of life. 10:08 [SPEAKER_01]: Victorian infant mortality was tragically common. 10:12 [SPEAKER_01]: One in four children died before the age of five. 10:15 [SPEAKER_01]: Conversions could result from fever, from infection, from a hundred causes that medicine couldn't yet explain. 10:23 [SPEAKER_01]: No one suspected anything when a baby stopped breathing in the night. 10:27 [SPEAKER_01]: The neighbors couldn't know what was happening behind the parma family's closed doors. 10:32 [SPEAKER_01]: The pattern only became visible in hindsight, a mother-in-law, a wife, four children, each death brought parma over money or relief from expense. 10:43 [SPEAKER_01]: Each death came suddenly, each death went unquestioned, and then it was his brother. 10:52 [SPEAKER_00]: Walter Palmer was William's younger brother, and a known alcoholic. 10:58 [SPEAKER_00]: His drinking had alienated much of the family. 11:01 [SPEAKER_00]: He had no savings, no prospects, nothing of apparent value. 11:06 [SPEAKER_00]: But in January 1855, William Palmer took a sudden interest in Walter's welfare. 11:14 [SPEAKER_00]: What happened next reveals how methodically, Palmer planned his crimes 11:20 [SPEAKER_00]: He arranged life insurance policies, totaling £13,000 on Walter's life, through the solicitors in general life assurance society, £13,000 on a man with no assets, no income, no apparent reason to be ensured for such a staggering sum. 11:43 [SPEAKER_00]: The insurance company required a medical examination before approving the policy 11:49 [SPEAKER_00]: William Palmer examined his own brother. 11:53 [SPEAKER_00]: He signed the forms of testing that Walter was a sound risk. 11:58 [SPEAKER_00]: He falsified everything. 11:59 [SPEAKER_00]: The policy was approved. 12:03 [SPEAKER_00]: In August 1855, Walter visited Rouglay. 12:08 [SPEAKER_00]: He stayed with his brother, William. 12:10 [SPEAKER_00]: He drank as he always drank. 12:18 [SPEAKER_00]: The symptoms were familiar by now. 12:21 [SPEAKER_00]: Violent stomach pains, convulsions, rapid deterioration, the same pattern that had claimed so many others in William Palmer's orbit. 12:34 [SPEAKER_00]: Walter died on August 16, 1855. 12:39 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer filed the insurance claim immediately. 12:43 [SPEAKER_00]: But this time, the insurance companies 12:48 [SPEAKER_00]: They sent private detectives to Rouglay. 12:51 [SPEAKER_00]: They discovered that Palmer had tried to ensure other people in his life, a farmer who worked for him, various acquaintances, anyone whose death might bring him money. 13:03 [SPEAKER_00]: The company's refused to pay Walter's claim. 13:08 [SPEAKER_00]: They recommended a formal inquiry into the circumstances of his death. 13:13 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer was running out of options, running out of schemes, running out of people to kill for profit, and then his friend John Parsons Cook, one £3,000, the races. 13:30 [SPEAKER_00]: By November 1855, William Palmer's situation had become desperate. 13:36 [SPEAKER_00]: He owed more than 20,000 pounds to money lenders, a debt that would take a country's surgeon two lifetimes to repay it through honest work. 13:46 [SPEAKER_00]: The interest compounded monthly. 13:48 [SPEAKER_00]: The forged documents could be discovered at any moment. 13:54 [SPEAKER_00]: The insurance investigators were asking questions about Walter's death that Palmer couldn't answer without incriminating himself. 14:04 [SPEAKER_00]: If the frog was exposed, if the insurance companies prosecuted, Palmer would lose everything. 14:12 [SPEAKER_00]: His practice, his reputation, his freedom, perhaps his life. 14:19 [SPEAKER_00]: he needed money immediately, and at the truth be a racist, his friend John Parsons Cook was about to win a considerable sum. 14:31 [SPEAKER_00]: the Shrewsbury handicapped stakes, November 13th through 15th, 1855. 14:39 [SPEAKER_00]: John Parsons Cook had entered his horse polster in the races, Palmer traveled with him as he often did, bringing his own horse a runner called Nettle and his own hopes for profit 14:54 [SPEAKER_00]: The racist group crowds from across the region, bookmakers, worked the stands, calling odds that shifted with every rumor. 15:04 [SPEAKER_00]: Money changed hands and quantities that would take a working man years to earn. 15:10 [SPEAKER_00]: The atmosphere crackled with possibility. 15:14 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer bet heavily on Nettle. 15:17 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer lost. 15:19 [SPEAKER_00]: Cook bet on Polster. 15:22 [SPEAKER_00]: Polster won. 15:24 [SPEAKER_00]: John Parsons Cook collected somewhere between 2 and 3,000 pounds and winnings. 15:30 [SPEAKER_00]: Cook stood in the paddock, counting banknotes, 15:34 [SPEAKER_00]: His face flushed with victory, while Palmer watched from the rail. 15:40 [SPEAKER_00]: That evening, the two men celebrated at the Raven Hotel in Shrewsbury. 15:46 [SPEAKER_00]: Cook ordered champagne. 15:48 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer provided Brandy from a bottle he carried with him. 15:53 [SPEAKER_00]: After drinking the brandy, Palmer gave him, cooks the rope burned. 15:58 [SPEAKER_00]: He became violently ill, vomiting, weakness, searing pain that seemed to come from nowhere. 16:07 [SPEAKER_00]: Cook confided to friends at the hotel. 16:09 [SPEAKER_00]: He said it plainly, without hesitation and front of witnesses, I believe that damn Palmer has been dosing me. 16:18 [SPEAKER_00]: And yet, when it came time to leave Shrewsbury, Cook accepted Palmer's offer to escort him home to Rouglete. 16:27 [SPEAKER_00]: Why? 16:28 [SPEAKER_00]: Because Palmer was a doctor, and doctors could be trusted. 16:34 [SPEAKER_00]: Because Cook was already sick, and Palmer promised to attend him personally. 16:40 [SPEAKER_00]: Because suspicion isn't certainty, and Cook didn't prove anything. 16:45 [SPEAKER_00]: Because in 1855, a physician's word carried the weight of law. 16:51 [SPEAKER_00]: Cook climbed into the carriage, aside the man he believed was poisoning him. 16:58 [SPEAKER_00]: They traveled together through the November countryside. 17:02 [SPEAKER_00]: They arrived in Rugley, as the gas lamps were being lit. 17:07 [SPEAKER_01]: Rougeley in 1855 was a market town in Staffordshire, nestled in the English Midlands. 17:14 [SPEAKER_01]: Population around 6,000, gas lamps lit the main streets after dark, their yellow glow fighting against the November fog. 17:23 [SPEAKER_01]: The railway derived eight years earlier, connecting the town to Birmingham and London, transforming it from a isolated backwater to an accessible destination. 17:33 [SPEAKER_01]: The Talbot arms stood a market street, the main thoroughfare through town, a respectable coaching in, the kind of establishment where travelling gentlemen took dreams, where commercial travellers conducted business, and when racing men gathered to discuss form and set 17:50 [SPEAKER_01]: Cook settled there when every visit had rusely. 17:54 [SPEAKER_01]: His usual accommodation was room 10. 17:57 [SPEAKER_01]: Room 10 faced the street. 18:00 [SPEAKER_01]: Undirectly across that narrow street, perhaps 20 yards of cobblestones, stood whirling Palmer's house. 18:07 [SPEAKER_01]: The geography matters. 18:09 [SPEAKER_01]: From his surgery window, Palmer could watch cook's bedroom. 18:13 [SPEAKER_01]: You could see when the light went out. 18:16 [SPEAKER_01]: He could see when visitors arrived. 18:18 [SPEAKER_01]: He could track the movements of servants carrying trays. 18:22 [SPEAKER_01]: He could time his own visits to the minute. 18:24 [SPEAKER_01]: John Parsons' Kirk arrived in Rougeley on November 15. 18:30 [SPEAKER_01]: He took room 10 as he always did. 18:33 [SPEAKER_01]: Before leaving Shrewsbury, Kirk had taken one precaution. 18:37 [SPEAKER_01]: He's a positive most of his winnings, nearly 3,000 pounds, with a racing acquaintance named Ishmael Fischer. 18:45 [SPEAKER_01]: A man he trusted, a place Palmer couldn't reach. 18:49 [SPEAKER_01]: But Kurt couldn't protect himself from what Palmer had already done, whatever poison had been in that brandy was already working. 18:57 [SPEAKER_01]: The game was already lost. 19:00 [SPEAKER_01]: Palmer visited immediately, he would tend his friends illness, he said, he would prescribe medications, he would bring food and drink prepared with his own hands. 19:10 [SPEAKER_01]: The chambermaid Elizabeth Mills noticed how frequently the doctor crossed the street, how he insisted on administering every treatment himself, how he never let anyone else prepare cooks meals or deliver his medicine. 19:25 [SPEAKER_01]: A physician attending a sick friend, what could be more natural, what could be more kind? 19:32 [SPEAKER_00]: In 1855, there was no reliable test for strickening. 19:36 [SPEAKER_00]: The poison killed through convulsions and paralysis, but it metabolized rapidly in the body, leaving little trace for chemists to find. 19:48 [SPEAKER_00]: Palmer knew this. 19:50 [SPEAKER_00]: He was counting on it. 19:52 [SPEAKER_00]: a physician who wanted to murder could choose his poison carefully. 19:58 [SPEAKER_00]: He could calculate doses with precision. 20:01 [SPEAKER_00]: He could time symptoms to avoid suspicion. 20:05 [SPEAKER_00]: He could stand beside the deathbed, taking a pulse with steady hands, while his patient screamed 20:14 [SPEAKER_00]: John Parsons' cook had five days left to live. 20:19 [SPEAKER_00]: Over those five days, Palmer would cross the street rapidly. 20:24 [SPEAKER_00]: He would intercept medications prescribed by other doctors. 20:29 [SPEAKER_00]: He would bring pills prepared in his own surgery. 20:33 [SPEAKER_00]: He would hover at Cook's bedside, like the most devoted friend imaginable. 20:39 [SPEAKER_00]: In each time Cook recovered slightly, another dose would send him back into agony. 20:47 [SPEAKER_00]: Here's what haunts me about this case. 20:50 [SPEAKER_00]: Cook knew. 20:51 [SPEAKER_00]: He told his friends at the Raven Hotel that Palmer was poisoning him. 20:58 [SPEAKER_00]: He said it out loud in front of witnesses, and he still got in that carriage. 21:10 [SPEAKER_00]: Still, at the doctor, bring him medicine every day. 21:13 [SPEAKER_00]: Would you have done the same? 21:17 [SPEAKER_00]: When the person poisoning you, is the only physician willing to treat you? 21:22 [SPEAKER_00]: When trust and danger, where the same face? 21:26 [SPEAKER_00]: What choice do you really have? 21:30 [SPEAKER_00]: Next time on foul play, the sick room, the strickening, and the final scream. 21:39 [SPEAKER_00]: Cook will cry out murder as his body seizes. 21:44 [SPEAKER_00]: He will name his killer with his dying breath, and william Palmer, calm, professional, taking notes, will watch him die. 21:57 [SPEAKER_00]: Until next time, good night friend. 22:03 [UNKNOWN]: Thank you.
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